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Abraham Maslow presented a theory that ordinates wants and desires in a comprehensive, consecutive, arrangement. According to Maslow, a person’s desires develop from the lower order desires, such as feeling safe, to the higher order desires, such as a sense of belonging and feeling loved. After these desires are developed and fulfilled, a person begins to desire esteem and self-actualization. The higher order wants only begin to develop after the lower order wants, like the physiological needs for food and shelter, are satisfied.

When we understand that markets, as a whole, with common human emotional tendencies, act like individuals whom that market represents, we can examine markets and trends in the same way we would examine an individual. The most appealing aspect of Maslow’s theory of needs is that it can be applied by proxy to an entire market.

It’s not that complicated to trace how these requirements tend to play themselves out in a small number of technologies with obstacles such as the primary advances in communications. These requirements convey themselves in aggregate across all persons within the market. When there is an assortment of an official body that expresses the will of the people, the requirements can be assessed and reviewed on a most-needed basis. In an elected government, an individual’s wants and desires can be pinpointed openly, or by proxy in a democracy by electing somebody who almost reflects their views.

Maslow’s hierarchy states that the need for survival is the most fundamental need for all humans. As a result, branches of society which are entrusted with the authority to ensure this survival through physical means are allotted the lion’s share of tax money. This applies to such branches of society as the military and fire defenses where the activities engaged in by members of that group ensure the continuation of basic survival.

If you go further into the Hierarchy of needs, you will notice that after the biological needs are met the next need is safety. This is when an individual’s fight or flight will emerge. If you’re looking at it from a marketing prospective, during the cold weather a commercial for jackets is the most appropriate. Timing is everything in the marketing aspect of this level. The next level describes relationships as brand recognition.

A person is more likely to purchase a jacket from a company that they’ve had superior experiences from and as long as you’re doing an ad for a reputed company then that part of the job is completed for you. If not, this is where the marketing player comes into play. The job of a good marketing group is to promote sales to new clientele and make new sales from existing clients. Starting off in a fresh company, this is where the artist desires to communicate the marketing team’s ideas visually in order to please this third need.

Good, efficient visuals build a sense of belonging and communication with the buyer. Belonging moves beyond our basic needs to live and beyond our need for safety. Belonging moves to the area where we choose what we love based on our feelings and our previous associations with a product or service and this is what a company’s marketing machine is trying to link to.

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Morals- are traditions of belief about right and wrong conduct.

Morality (from the Latin moralitas “manner, character, proper behavior”) has three principal meanings.

In its first, descriptive usage, morality means a code of conduct held to be authoritative in matters of right and wrong. Morals are created by and define society, philosophy, religion, or individual conscience.

In its second, normative and universal sense, morality refers to an ideal code of conduct, one which would be espoused in preference to alternatives by all rational people, under specified conditions. To deny ‘morality’ in this sense is a position known as moral skepticism.

In its third usage, ‘morality’ is synonymous with ethics, the systematic philosophical study of the moral domain.

Ethics seeks to address questions such as how a moral outcome can be achieved in a specific situation (applied ethics), how moral values should be determined (normative ethics), what morals people actually abide by (descriptive ethics), what the fundamental nature of ethics or morality is, including whether it has any objective justification (meta-ethics), and how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is (moral psychology). In applied ethics, for example, the prohibition against taking human life is controversial with respect to capital punishment, abortion and wars of invasion. In normative ethics, a typical question might be whether a lie told for the sake of protecting someone from harm is justified. In meta-ethics, a key issue is the meaning of the terms “right” or “wrong”. Moral realism would hold that there are true moral statements which report objective moral facts, whereas moral anti-realism would hold that morality is derived from any one of the norms prevalent in society (cultural relativism); the edicts of a god (divine command theory); is merely an expression of the speakers’ sentiments (emotivism); an implied imperative (prescriptive); falsely presupposes that there are objective moral facts (error theory). Some thinkers hold that there is no correct definition of right behavior, that morality can only be judged with respect to particular situations, within the standards of particular belief systems and socio-historical contexts. This position, known as moral relativism, often cites empirical evidence from anthropology as evidence to support its claims. The opposite view, that there are universal, eternal moral truths is known as moral absolutism. Moral absolutists might concede that forces of social conformity significantly shape moral decisions, but deny that cultural norms and customs define morally right behavior.

Ethics- is a suite of guiding beliefs, standards, or ideals that pervades and individual or a group or a community of people.

Traditionally, normative ethics (also known as moral theory) was the study of what makes actions right and wrong. Classical theories in this vein include utilitarianism, Kantianism, and some forms of contractarianism. These theories offered an overarching moral principle to which one could appeal in resolving difficult moral decisions.

Meta-ethics is concerned primarily with the meaning of ethical judgments and/or prescriptions and with the notion of which properties.

Descriptive ethics is a value-free approach to ethics which examines ethics not from a top-down a priori perspective but rather observations of actual choices made by moral agents in practice. Some philosophers rely on descriptive ethics and choices made and unchallenged by a society or culture to derive categories, which typically vary by context.

Applied ethics is a discipline of philosophy that attempts to apply ethical theory to real-life situations. The lines of distinction between meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics are often blurry.

Law- is formed rules of conduct that a sovereign authority such as a government imposes, subject, or citizen.

Corporate credo- is a succinct statement of the values that the firm seeks to uphold.

Ethics programs- are a system that consists of multiple activities designed to provide employees with direction in carrying out the corporate credo.

Computer ethics- as the analysis of the nature and social impact of computer technology, and the corresponding formulation and satisfaction of policies of the ethical use of such technology.

DATA BASE CONCEPTS

THE ULTIMATE DATA BASE

Data Base-is a repository of interrelated data of interest and value to the users of the system. The physical storage media of the data base can be, among other things, groups of paper file folders in filing cabinets, journals, ledgers, punched cards, punched paper tape, magnetic tape, magnetic disk, and electrons in the human mind. Users include executives, division or department managers, accounting and auditing personnel, salesperson, production personnel, engineering staff, programmers, and so forth.

Physical Storage of Data

1.) Physical Record. Is the basic unit of data that can be written or read by a single output or input command to the computer? If the data records are blocked multiple logical records would be contained in a single physical record.
2.) Extent. Physical records that is contiguous in external storage.
3.) Data Set. Is a named group of physical records? Included in a data set are any indices necessary for locating the data records of the data set. A data set may be made up of one or more extents.

PHYSICAL VERSUS LOGICAL FILES

The media used to store data come in a variety of physical forms. For example, paper file folders, index cards, and microfilm can all be used to store data, but any calculations performed on this data must be done by hand. Some other physical storage media are computer accessible, such as magnetic tape, disk, drum, paper tape, and punched cards.
The logical aspect of files relates to provide information to the user. A logical file may extend across more than one physical file; a physical file may contain only one logical file or multiple logical file. It should be mentioned that prior to extensive application of direct access storage devices (DASDs) in computer-based applications, it was customary to have not more than one logical file per physical file.

APPLICATION VERSUS DATA BASE PROCESSING

Application approach to data base design is traditional. Each application within the organization has its own file bearing little, if any, relationship to other applications. The data base approach to the data base design interrelates various files, records, and data elements to increase the associative ability of the data base. The human mind represents an ideal data base and information system in that is has an amazing talent for associating facts. The data base approach strives to equal this ability.

ADVANTAGES OF THE DATA BASE APPROACH TO DATA BASE DESIGN

1.) Associative data elements. This approach provides a data base with the ability to associate data in a manner that is applicable to the interrelated functions of the organization.
2.) Data Independence. It allows changes in location and data representations of fields, without users being aware of these changes.
3.) Reduced data duplication. More logical association of data elements minimizes data duplication.
4.) Standardization. Records formats and data names are standard throughout the organization for consistency in application.
5.) User/system Interface. The data base approach has the ability to provide users with a direct interface with the data base. This interface gives faster response and allows users to interrogate the data base and make inquires that are basically anticipated.
6.) Growth Potential. There is an ability to grow without a major overhaul of the system. Even with thorough system analysis of users needs, users cannot anticipate all requirements that they might have nor can they guarantee that presents requirements will remain unchanged.

OPERATIONAL AND CONTROL FEATURES

1.) Access.
2.) Identification.
3.) Security.
4.) Concurrency.
5.) Backup and Recovery.

Introduction :
Who Needs a Business Plan?
Finding the Right Plan for You
A business plan is a written description of your business’s future. That’s all there is to it–a document that desribes what you plan to do and how you plan to do it. If you jot down a paragraph on the back of an envelope describing your business strategy, you’ve written a plan, or at least the germ of a plan.

Business plans can help perform a number of tasks for those who write and read them. They’re used by investment-seeking entrepreneurs to convey their vision to potential investors. They may also be used by firms that are trying to attract key employees, prospect for new business, deal with suppliers or simply to understand how to manage their companies better.

So what’s included in a business plan, and how do you put one together? Simply stated, a business plan conveys your business goals, the strategies you’ll use to meet them, potential problems that may confront your business and ways to solve them, the organizational structure of your business (including titles and responsibilities), and finally, the amount of capital required to finance your venture and keep it going until it breaks even.
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How Long Should Your Business Plan Be?
Depending on what you’re using it for, a useful business plan can be any length, from a scrawl on the back of an envelope to, in the case of an especially detailed plan describing a complex enterprise, more than 100 pages. A typical business plan runs 15 to 20 pages, but there’s room for wide variation from that norm.

Much will depend on the nature of your business. If you have a simple concept, you may be able to express it in very few words. On the other hand, if you’re proposing a new kind of business or even a new industry, it may require quite a bit of explanation to get the message across.

The purpose of your plan also determines its length. If you want to use your plan to seek millions of dollars in seed capital to start a risky venture, you may have to do a lot of explaining and convincing. If you’re just going to use your plan for internal purposes to manage an ongoing business, a much more abbreviated version should be fine.

Opportunities are everywhere. It just takes time for the person to see what is there and taking advantage of the situation or having someone else get to it first. The reality is that the market is filled with it and even someone with a small budget can launch a business and in the long term make it big.

When the individual was a teen and mom or dad will not give more money for allowance, the person had to do some odd jobs. This could biking around town delivering newspaper early in the morning or mowing the neighbor’s lawn for extra cash.

The entrepreneur can use the experience to start a home maintenance company that offers grass cutting or cleaning services. If the place is covered with snow during the winter, snow plowing can also be offered to clear the roads and the driveways so the vehicles won’t be stuck in the snow.

After enough money has been made, this can be expanded by buying more machines and hiring additional personnel to get work done from the clients. Should the person be good with numbers, this can also be put to good use by helping others. The specialist can ask for a fee for helping people get the papers ready when filing for income tax.

The individual can even set up an office later on to offer counseling services to help people apply for financing when renovating the home or applying for financial aid in school.

Opportunities also come about by filling a certain need. Every year, more than a thousand printer cartridges are finished then thrown away. These things can be refilled making it useable again that could save hundreds of dollars are year that can be used on other expenses. The person can set up an ink refilling business given that the capital is quite small. The only things needed are a few empty cartridges, ink and a few tubes to get it inside.

The empty cartridges can be sourced from offices that are throwing these away that can be returned making it useable. The demand for these things is large so sufficient stock must always be available to cope with the orders. The demands of work can really stress a person out so those who have some cash can start a spa to give special massages and aromatherapy sessions.

The small business can first start with an extra room in the house that can be spread by word of mouth. The person can then rent some commercial space later on to take in more customers who need to relax and recharge those stressed bodies.

The key to any business is good quality and excellent service. Those that were just mentioned are a few good ideas that entrepreneurs have prospered in that could also happen for the person.

There are other small business opportunities out there that do not require a lot of capital to get it started. It will be a good idea to do some research first to find out if a return of investment can be made in the long term.

At the end of the day, the direction it really depends on the individual who will have to spend countless hours balancing revenue versus expenses in order to earn a profit.

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Everyone agrees that the safety of one’s home and family are of paramount importance. However, not everyone is certain if they need a security system, and many people do not own one. Think about this: Only if you live on a deserted island are you truly free from the worry of break-ins.

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